ÖDÜLLER
ULCINJ SALON ╡ özel ödüller
FIAP Best author
ÖDÜLLER
ULCINJ SALON ╡ OPEN COLOR
FOTOĞRAF
626 alınan fotoğraflar
156 kabul edilen görüntüler · 25%
KATILIMCILAR
157 gelen katılımcılar
99 kabul edilen katılımcılar · 63%
FIAP Gold Medal
FIAP Blue Ribbon
FIAP Blue Ribbon
PBA Black Medal
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
MAPA Digital Diploma
MAPA Digital Diploma
MAPA Digital Diploma
SALON Gold Medal
SALON Silver Medal
SALON Bronze Medal
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
IAAP Diploma
IAAP Diploma
IAAP Diploma
ÖDÜLLER
ULCINJ SALON ╡ OPEN MONO
FOTOĞRAF
644 alınan fotoğraflar
161 kabul edilen görüntüler · 25%
KATILIMCILAR
162 gelen katılımcılar
98 kabul edilen katılımcılar · 60%
FIAP Gold Medal
FIAP Blue Ribbon
FIAP Blue Ribbon
PBA Black Medal
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
MAPA Digital Diploma
MAPA Digital Diploma
MAPA Digital Diploma
SALON Gold Medal
SALON Silver Medal
SALON Bronze Medal
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
IAAP Diploma
IAAP Diploma
IAAP Diploma
ÖDÜLLER
ULCINJ SALON ╡ PORTRAIT
FOTOĞRAF
536 alınan fotoğraflar
134 kabul edilen görüntüler · 25%
KATILIMCILAR
136 gelen katılımcılar
76 kabul edilen katılımcılar · 56%
FIAP Gold Medal
FIAP Blue Ribbon
FIAP Blue Ribbon
PBA Black Medal
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
MAPA Digital Diploma
MAPA Digital Diploma
MAPA Digital Diploma
SALON Gold Medal
SALON Silver Medal
SALON Bronze Medal
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
IAAP Diploma
IAAP Diploma
IAAP Diploma
ÖDÜLLER
ULCINJ SALON ╡ NATURE
FOTOĞRAF
460 alınan fotoğraflar
115 kabul edilen görüntüler · 25%
KATILIMCILAR
116 gelen katılımcılar
72 kabul edilen katılımcılar · 62%
FIAP Gold Medal
FIAP Blue Ribbon
FIAP Blue Ribbon
PBA Black Medal
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
MAPA Digital Diploma
MAPA Digital Diploma
MAPA Digital Diploma
SALON Gold Medal
SALON Silver Medal
SALON Bronze Medal
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
IAAP Diploma
IAAP Diploma
IAAP Diploma
ÖDÜLLER
SIMANOVCI SALON ╡ özel ödüller
FIAP Best author
ÖDÜLLER
SIMANOVCI SALON ╡ OPEN COLOR
FOTOĞRAF
626 alınan fotoğraflar
156 kabul edilen görüntüler · 25%
KATILIMCILAR
157 gelen katılımcılar
94 kabul edilen katılımcılar · 60%
FIAP Gold Medal
FIAP Blue Ribbon
FIAP Blue Ribbon
PBA Black Medal
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
FSS Gold Medal
SALON Gold Medal
SALON Silver Medal
SALON Bronze Medal
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
IAAP Diploma
IAAP Diploma
IAAP Diploma
ÖDÜLLER
SIMANOVCI SALON ╡ OPEN MONO
FOTOĞRAF
644 alınan fotoğraflar
161 kabul edilen görüntüler · 25%
KATILIMCILAR
162 gelen katılımcılar
101 kabul edilen katılımcılar · 62%
FIAP Gold Medal
FIAP Blue Ribbon
FIAP Blue Ribbon
PBA Black Medal
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
FSS Silver Medal
SALON Gold Medal
SALON Silver Medal
SALON Bronze Medal
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
IAAP Diploma
IAAP Diploma
IAAP Diploma
ÖDÜLLER
SIMANOVCI SALON ╡ PORTRAIT
FOTOĞRAF
536 alınan fotoğraflar
134 kabul edilen görüntüler · 25%
KATILIMCILAR
136 gelen katılımcılar
78 kabul edilen katılımcılar · 57%
FIAP Gold Medal
FIAP Blue Ribbon
FIAP Blue Ribbon
PBA Black Medal
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
FSS Bronze Medal
SALON Gold Medal
SALON Silver Medal
SALON Bronze Medal
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
IAAP Diploma
IAAP Diploma
IAAP Diploma
ÖDÜLLER
SIMANOVCI SALON ╡ NATURE
FOTOĞRAF
460 alınan fotoğraflar
115 kabul edilen görüntüler · 25%
KATILIMCILAR
116 gelen katılımcılar
69 kabul edilen katılımcılar · 59%
FIAP Gold Medal
FIAP Blue Ribbon
FIAP Blue Ribbon
PBA Black Medal
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
FSS Diploma
SALON Gold Medal
SALON Silver Medal
SALON Bronze Medal
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
IAAP Diploma
IAAP Diploma
IAAP Diploma
ÖDÜLLER
KRAGUJEVAC SALON ╡ özel ödüller
FIAP Best author
ÖDÜLLER
KRAGUJEVAC SALON ╡ OPEN COLOR
FOTOĞRAF
626 alınan fotoğraflar
156 kabul edilen görüntüler · 25%
KATILIMCILAR
157 gelen katılımcılar
93 kabul edilen katılımcılar · 59%
FIAP Gold Medal
FIAP Blue Ribbon
FIAP Blue Ribbon
PBA Black Medal
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
FSS Gold Medal
SALON Gold Medal
SALON Silver Medal
SALON Bronze Medal
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
IAAP Diploma
IAAP Diploma
IAAP Diploma
ÖDÜLLER
KRAGUJEVAC SALON ╡ OPEN MONO
FOTOĞRAF
644 alınan fotoğraflar
161 kabul edilen görüntüler · 25%
KATILIMCILAR
162 gelen katılımcılar
95 kabul edilen katılımcılar · 59%
FIAP Gold Medal
FIAP Blue Ribbon
FIAP Blue Ribbon
PBA Black Medal
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
FSS Silver Medal
SALON Gold Medal
SALON Silver Medal
SALON Bronze Medal
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
IAAP Diploma
IAAP Diploma
IAAP Diploma
ÖDÜLLER
KRAGUJEVAC SALON ╡ PORTRAIT
FOTOĞRAF
536 alınan fotoğraflar
134 kabul edilen görüntüler · 25%
KATILIMCILAR
136 gelen katılımcılar
80 kabul edilen katılımcılar · 59%
FIAP Gold Medal
FIAP Blue Ribbon
FIAP Blue Ribbon
PBA Black Medal
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
FSS Bronze Medal
SALON Gold Medal
SALON Silver Medal
SALON Bronze Medal
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
IAAP Diploma
IAAP Diploma
IAAP Diploma
ÖDÜLLER
KRAGUJEVAC SALON ╡ NATURE
FOTOĞRAF
460 alınan fotoğraflar
115 kabul edilen görüntüler · 25%
KATILIMCILAR
116 gelen katılımcılar
75 kabul edilen katılımcılar · 65%
FIAP Gold Medal
FIAP Blue Ribbon
FIAP Blue Ribbon
PBA Black Medal
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
PBA Digital Diploma
FSS Diploma
SALON Gold Medal
SALON Silver Medal
SALON Bronze Medal
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
SALON Digital Diploma
IAAP Diploma
IAAP Diploma
IAAP Diploma
KURALLAR
ORGANIZATÖR
PC Olcinium – Montenegro and PC Simanovci & PC Objektiv - Serbia
Salon chairman: Oliver Vukmirovic
Salon and chairman email: [email protected]
https://photon.photomagart.com
Salon chairman: Oliver Vukmirovic
Salon and chairman email: [email protected]
https://photon.photomagart.com
BÖLÜMLER
There are 4 sections, all digital:
A. OPEN (color digital)
B. OPEN (monochrome digital)
C. PORTRAIT (color & mono digital)
D. NATURE (color & mono digital)
Each photo can be presented in only one section.
A. OPEN (color digital)
B. OPEN (monochrome digital)
C. PORTRAIT (color & mono digital)
D. NATURE (color & mono digital)
Each photo can be presented in only one section.
TAKVIM
Closing date: 14.01.2024.
All judging completed by 01.02.2024.
Notifications sent by 14.02.2024.
Awards mailed by: 01.04.2024.
On-Line Gallery posted by 14.02.2024.
Catalogs posted by 01.04.2024.
All judging completed by 01.02.2024.
Notifications sent by 14.02.2024.
Awards mailed by: 01.04.2024.
On-Line Gallery posted by 14.02.2024.
Catalogs posted by 01.04.2024.
ÖDEME
- any 1 or 2 sections = 25 EUR (30 $USD)
- any 3 or 4 sections = 30 EUR (35 $USD)
PayPal is available for payment on-line ([email protected]).
For FSS members and serbian authors entry fee is 2000,00 din for all section. Bankarski racun: 200 132121370 28 kod Postanske stedionice, Uplata kotizacije Photon, na ime Oliver Vukmirovic
The works of the authors who did not pay the fee would not be taken into consideration.
GROUP ENTRIES
Discount for photo group:
• 5-10 participants = 10%
• 11-20 participants = 20%
• 21-30 participants = 30%
- any 3 or 4 sections = 30 EUR (35 $USD)
PayPal is available for payment on-line ([email protected]).
For FSS members and serbian authors entry fee is 2000,00 din for all section. Bankarski racun: 200 132121370 28 kod Postanske stedionice, Uplata kotizacije Photon, na ime Oliver Vukmirovic
The works of the authors who did not pay the fee would not be taken into consideration.
GROUP ENTRIES
Discount for photo group:
• 5-10 participants = 10%
• 11-20 participants = 20%
• 21-30 participants = 30%
KATILIM
The exhibition is open to anyone; however, an entry may be rejected when the sponsoring organization or its agent, in its reasonable discretion, believes the entry does not conform to the exhibition rules and conditions.
An entrant’s images will not be presented to the judges consecutively. An entrant’s four images will be distributed throughout four rounds of judging in that section. Distribution of images shall be in the same round order as submitted by the entrant.
Entries must originate as photographs (image-captures of objects via light sensitivity) made by the entrant on photographic emulsion or acquired digitally. By virtue of submitting an entry, the entrant certifies the work as his own (aliases are not permitted). The entrant permits the sponsors to reproduce all or part of the entered material free of charge for publication and/or display in media related to the exhibition. This may include low resolution posting on a website. Note: Entrants who indicate that their images may not be reproduced or used “will not be eligible for awards” or inclusion in audio-visuals of the exhibition “and could be subject to disqualification” by the exhibition sponsors.
Words such as “Untitled” and “No Title” are not acceptable as part or all of an image’s title, nor are camera capture filenames.
An entrant’s images will not be presented to the judges consecutively. An entrant’s four images will be distributed throughout four rounds of judging in that section. Distribution of images shall be in the same round order as submitted by the entrant.
Entries must originate as photographs (image-captures of objects via light sensitivity) made by the entrant on photographic emulsion or acquired digitally. By virtue of submitting an entry, the entrant certifies the work as his own (aliases are not permitted). The entrant permits the sponsors to reproduce all or part of the entered material free of charge for publication and/or display in media related to the exhibition. This may include low resolution posting on a website. Note: Entrants who indicate that their images may not be reproduced or used “will not be eligible for awards” or inclusion in audio-visuals of the exhibition “and could be subject to disqualification” by the exhibition sponsors.
Words such as “Untitled” and “No Title” are not acceptable as part or all of an image’s title, nor are camera capture filenames.
BAŞVURU
Photographs must be in JPEG format, with dimensions horizontal 1920 x vertical 1080 pixels at 300 DPI, JPEG compression (if Photoshop used for export): 7-12, file size maximum 4 Mb. No file naming is needed. Digital images cannot be altered, including resizing in either direction, by the exhibition or by the exhibition’s equipment before or during judging.
The photographs of authors with the application are submitted in these ways:
- uploading thought our web site: https://photon.photomagart.com
The photographs of authors with the application are submitted in these ways:
- uploading thought our web site: https://photon.photomagart.com
JÜRI
ULCINJ SALON
- Biljana Latinovic, EFIAP - Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Slobodan Cavic, EFIAP, EPSA - Serbia
- Marjan Janevski, AFIAP - North Macedonia
SIMANOVCI SALON
- Goran Kojadinovic, EFIAP/s, PPSA - Serbia
- Aleksandar Tomulic, EFIAP - Croatia
- Dimitar Chungovski - North Macedonia
KRAGUJEVAC SALON
- Sasa Blagojevic, PPSA, EFIAP – Serbia
- Goran Starcevic – Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Zoran Zdravev, EPSA - North Macedonia
- Biljana Latinovic, EFIAP - Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Slobodan Cavic, EFIAP, EPSA - Serbia
- Marjan Janevski, AFIAP - North Macedonia
SIMANOVCI SALON
- Goran Kojadinovic, EFIAP/s, PPSA - Serbia
- Aleksandar Tomulic, EFIAP - Croatia
- Dimitar Chungovski - North Macedonia
KRAGUJEVAC SALON
- Sasa Blagojevic, PPSA, EFIAP – Serbia
- Goran Starcevic – Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Zoran Zdravev, EPSA - North Macedonia
ÖDÜLLER
ULCINJ SALON
• 4x FIAP Gold Medals and 8x FIAP Blue Ribbons
• 4x PBA Black Medals and 12x PBA Digital Diplomas
• 12x MAPA Digital Diploma
• 4x SALON Gold Medal, 4x SALON Silver Medal, 4x SALON Bronze Medal
• 24x SALON Digital Diploma
• 12x IAAP Diploma
• FIAP Blue Badge
• SALON Best Author
SIMANOVCI SALON
• 4x FIAP Gold Medals and 8x FIAP Blue Ribbons
• 4x PBA Black Medals and 20x PBA Digital Diplomas
• 1x FSS Gold Medal, 1x FSS Silver Medal, 1x FSS Bronze Medal and 1x FSS diploma
• 4x SALON Gold Medal, 4x SALON Silver Medal, 4x SALON Bronze Medal
• 24x SALON Digital Diploma
• 12x IAAP Diploma
• FIAP Blue Badge
• SALON Best Author
KRAGUJEVAC SALON
• 4x FIAP Gold Medals and 8x FIAP Blue Ribbons
• 4x PBA Black Medals and 20x PBA Digital Diplomas
• 1x FSS Gold Medal, 1x FSS Silver Medal, 1x FSS Bronze Medal and 1x FSS diploma
• 4x SALON Gold Medal, 4x SALON Silver Medal, 4x SALON Bronze Medal
• 24x SALON Digital Diploma
• 12x IAAP Diploma
• FIAP Blue Badge
• SALON Best Author
Altogether 270 awards. Each author can receive only one award in each section.
• 4x FIAP Gold Medals and 8x FIAP Blue Ribbons
• 4x PBA Black Medals and 12x PBA Digital Diplomas
• 12x MAPA Digital Diploma
• 4x SALON Gold Medal, 4x SALON Silver Medal, 4x SALON Bronze Medal
• 24x SALON Digital Diploma
• 12x IAAP Diploma
• FIAP Blue Badge
• SALON Best Author
SIMANOVCI SALON
• 4x FIAP Gold Medals and 8x FIAP Blue Ribbons
• 4x PBA Black Medals and 20x PBA Digital Diplomas
• 1x FSS Gold Medal, 1x FSS Silver Medal, 1x FSS Bronze Medal and 1x FSS diploma
• 4x SALON Gold Medal, 4x SALON Silver Medal, 4x SALON Bronze Medal
• 24x SALON Digital Diploma
• 12x IAAP Diploma
• FIAP Blue Badge
• SALON Best Author
KRAGUJEVAC SALON
• 4x FIAP Gold Medals and 8x FIAP Blue Ribbons
• 4x PBA Black Medals and 20x PBA Digital Diplomas
• 1x FSS Gold Medal, 1x FSS Silver Medal, 1x FSS Bronze Medal and 1x FSS diploma
• 4x SALON Gold Medal, 4x SALON Silver Medal, 4x SALON Bronze Medal
• 24x SALON Digital Diploma
• 12x IAAP Diploma
• FIAP Blue Badge
• SALON Best Author
Altogether 270 awards. Each author can receive only one award in each section.
TANIMLAR
FIAP Definition of Monochrome
A black and white work fitting from the very dark grey (black) to the very clear grey (white) is a monochrome work with the various shades of grey. A black and white work toned entirely in a single colour will remain a monochrome work able to stand in the black and white category; such a work can be reproduced in black and white in the catalogue of a salon under FIAP Patronage. On the other hand a black and white work modified by a partial toning or by the addition of one colour becomes a colour work (polychrome) to stand in the colour category; such a work requires colour reproduction in the catalogue of a salon under FIAP Patronage.
FIAP Nature Definition
Nature photography records all branches of natural history except anthropology and archaeology. This includes all aspects of the physical world, both animate and inanimate, that have not been made or modified by humans.
Nature images must convey the truth of the scene that was photographed. A well-informed person should be able to identify the subject of the image and be satisfied that it has been presented honestly and that no unethical practices have been used to control the subject or capture the image. Images that directly or indirectly show any human activity that threatens the life or welfare of a living organism are not allowed.
The most important part of a Nature image is the nature story it tells. High technical standards are expected and the image must look natural. Adding a vignette or blurring the background during processing is not allowed.
Objects created by humans, and evidence of human activity, are allowed in Nature images only when they are a necessary part of the Nature story.
Photographs of human-created hybrid plants, cultivated plants, feral animals, domesticated animals, human-created hybrid animals and mounted or preserved zoological specimens are not allowed.
Images taken with subjects under controlled conditions, such as zoos, are allowed.
Controlling live subjects by chilling, anaesthetic or any other method of restricting natural movement for the purpose of a photograph is not allowed.
No modification that changes the truth of a Nature image is allowed. Images may be cropped but no other technique that removes, adds or moves any part of the image is allowed.
Techniques that remove elements added by the camera, such as dust spots, digital noise and lens flare are allowed.
Complete conversion of colour images to greyscale monochrome is allowed. Partial conversion, toning and infrared captures or conversions are not allowed. Images of the same subject that are combined in-camera or with software by focus stacking or exposure blending are allowed. Multiple images with overlapping fields of view that are taken consecutively and combined in-camera or with software (image stitching) are allowed.
A black and white work fitting from the very dark grey (black) to the very clear grey (white) is a monochrome work with the various shades of grey. A black and white work toned entirely in a single colour will remain a monochrome work able to stand in the black and white category; such a work can be reproduced in black and white in the catalogue of a salon under FIAP Patronage. On the other hand a black and white work modified by a partial toning or by the addition of one colour becomes a colour work (polychrome) to stand in the colour category; such a work requires colour reproduction in the catalogue of a salon under FIAP Patronage.
FIAP Nature Definition
Nature photography records all branches of natural history except anthropology and archaeology. This includes all aspects of the physical world, both animate and inanimate, that have not been made or modified by humans.
Nature images must convey the truth of the scene that was photographed. A well-informed person should be able to identify the subject of the image and be satisfied that it has been presented honestly and that no unethical practices have been used to control the subject or capture the image. Images that directly or indirectly show any human activity that threatens the life or welfare of a living organism are not allowed.
The most important part of a Nature image is the nature story it tells. High technical standards are expected and the image must look natural. Adding a vignette or blurring the background during processing is not allowed.
Objects created by humans, and evidence of human activity, are allowed in Nature images only when they are a necessary part of the Nature story.
Photographs of human-created hybrid plants, cultivated plants, feral animals, domesticated animals, human-created hybrid animals and mounted or preserved zoological specimens are not allowed.
Images taken with subjects under controlled conditions, such as zoos, are allowed.
Controlling live subjects by chilling, anaesthetic or any other method of restricting natural movement for the purpose of a photograph is not allowed.
No modification that changes the truth of a Nature image is allowed. Images may be cropped but no other technique that removes, adds or moves any part of the image is allowed.
Techniques that remove elements added by the camera, such as dust spots, digital noise and lens flare are allowed.
Complete conversion of colour images to greyscale monochrome is allowed. Partial conversion, toning and infrared captures or conversions are not allowed. Images of the same subject that are combined in-camera or with software by focus stacking or exposure blending are allowed. Multiple images with overlapping fields of view that are taken consecutively and combined in-camera or with software (image stitching) are allowed.
BILDIRIM VE KATALOG
PDF downloadable from our website https://photon.photomagart.com by exhibitors.
REPORT CARD NOTIFICATION
All participants will receive report card notification via e-mail. The results of the exhibition will also be published on our website https://photon.photomagart.com
REPORT CARD NOTIFICATION
All participants will receive report card notification via e-mail. The results of the exhibition will also be published on our website https://photon.photomagart.com
TAKVIM
son gün
değerlendirme günü
bildirim günü
katalog teslimi
GENEL BAKIŞ
katılımcılar
167
fotoğraf
2266
devletler
47
ödeme
25 EUR
tüm IAAP üyeleri %50 indirim alır
ÖDÜLLER
ödüller
267
madalyalar
66
diplomalar
198
özel ödüller
3
KORUYUCU NUMARASI
IAAP
FIAP
BPA
MAPA
FSS
IAAP
FIAP
BPA
MAPA
FSS
BÖLÜMLER
Open Color
Open Mono
Portrait
Nature
JÜRI
BL
Bosnia And Herzegovina
SC
Serbia
MJ
North Macedonia
GK
Serbia
AT
Aleksandar Tomulic
CJ IAAP
Croatia
DC
North Macedonia
SB
Serbia
GS
Bosnia And Herzegovina
ZZ
North Macedonia
